6.4 JOURNAL ARTICLES
6.4.1 General form The format for citing journal articles is as follows:| Element | Author | Article title | Year |
Volume number | Journal abbreviation | Page on which article begins | Pinpoint citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | Peter Watts | “Birks’ Unjust Enrichment” | (2005) | 121 | LQR | 163 | at 165 |
| Rule | 6.4.2 | 6.4.3 | 6.4.4 | 6.4.5 | 6.4.6 | 6.4.7 | 6.4.8 |
Eg Peter Watts “Birks’ Unjust Enrichment” (2005) 121 LQR 163 at 165.
6.4.2 Author
Give the author’s name in accordance with rule 6.1.2.
Some journals include the name of the author at the end rather than at the start of the article.
6.4.3 Title
Give the title of the article in double quotation marks, with spelling and capitalisation as per the original (unless the original is in all capitals, in which case capitalise only the first letter of significant words). Remove any full stops indicating abbreviation in accordance with rule 1.1.2.
Quotation marks within a title should be single. Eg Michael Taggart “From ‘Parliamentary Powers’ to Privatization: The Chequered History of Delegated Legislation in the Twentieth Century” (2005) 55 U Toronto LJ 575.
Retain any italicisation within the title. Eg Leonard Rotman “‘My Hovercraft is Full of Eels’: Smoking Out the Message in R v Marshall” (2000) 63 Sask L Rev 617 at 618.
6.4.4 Year
Give the year of the journal in round brackets if the journal has independent volume numbers. Most journals follow this format.
If the year is also the volume number of the journal, give the year in square brackets. Eg Jessica Palmer “Theories of the Trust and What They Might Mean for Beneficiary Rights to Information” [2010] NZ L Rev 541.
Eg Paul Rishworth “Common Law Rights and Navigation Lights: Judicial Review and the New Zealand Bill of Rights” (2004) 15 PLR 103 at 107.
If the volume spans more than one year, use the year of the particular article. Eg Volume 30 of the University of Chicago Law Review covers the years 1962–1963. The citation of an article written in 1962 is:
Bernard Meltzer “Organisational Picketing and the NLRB: Five on a Seesaw” (1962) 30 U Chi L Rev 78.
6.4.5 Volume number
If the journal in which the article appears is organised by volume number, give that number after the year.
Where there are multiple issues within a single volume and those issues are not sequentially paginated, include the issue number after the volume number in round brackets. Eg Ben Mathews and Kerryann Walsh “At the Cutting Edge: Issues in Mandatory Reporting of Child Sexual Abuse by Australian Teachers” (2004) 9(2) Australia & New Zealand Journal of Law & Education 3.
Most journals sequentially paginate from one issue to the next. Where this is the case, do not include the issue number. Eg Christopher Eisgruber and Lawrence Sager “The Vulnerability of Conscience: The Constitutional Basis for Protecting Religious Conduct” (1994) 61 U Chi L Rev 1245.
NOT Christopher Eisgruber and Lawrence Sager “The Vulnerability of Conscience: The Constitutional Basis for Protecting Religious Conduct” (1994) 61(4) U Chi L Rev 1245.
When citing a serial publication that uses issue numbers as opposed to volume numbers, give the issue number instead of the volume number, without brackets. Eg Catriona MacLennan “Radical criminal pre-trial changes” (2009) 733 LawTalk 7.
6.4.6 Journal abbreviation
The journal itself is the authoritative source for its official citation/abbreviation, except that any punctuation should be removed.
This may mean that “Review” is abbreviated differently depending on the journal in question. In New Zealand, Australia and England it is common to abbreviate Review as “R”, while in North America “Review” is abbreviated to “Rev”. If “LR” is used, do not include a space between the letters; if “Rev” is used, include a space between “L” and “Rev”, ie “L Rev”.
For further guidance consult the Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations, available at <www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk>, for international materials. For New Zealand materials, use the Legal Citations for Aotearoa New Zealand database, available at <www.lcanz.auckland.ac.nz>. Eg Stephen Todd “Wrongful Conception, Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life” (2005) 27 Syd LR 525.
Eg Kent Greenawalt “Moral and Religious Convictions as Categories for Special Treatment: The Exemption Strategy” (2007) 48 Wm & Mary L Rev 1605.
Note that some journals do not abbreviate “Law Review”.
Where the name or abbreviation of a journal has changed, use the abbreviation adopted by the journal in the volume being cited. For example, the New Zealand Law Review formerly used the abbreviation “NZ Law Review”. From 2008 it has used the abbreviation “NZ L Rev”. It was also formerly known as the New Zealand Recent Law Review. Eg J K Maxton “Equity” [1994] NZ Recent Law Review 245.
Eg Jesse Wilson “Prior Restraint of the Press” [2006] NZ Law Review 551.
Eg Scott Optican “‘Front-End’/‘Back-End’ Adjudication (Rights Versus Remedies) Under Section 21 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990” [2008] NZ L Rev 409.
For non-legal academic journals, the journal is the authoritative source for its official citation/abbreviation, except that any punctuation should be removed. If no abbreviation is given by the journal, give the journal name in full.
6.4.7 Starting page
Give the starting page number of the article after the journal title.
6.4.8 Pinpoint reference
The pinpoint reference follows the starting page number, preceded by “at”.
Where the pinpoint reference is to the first page of the article, repeat the page number. Eg Campbell McLachlan “The Principle of Systemic Integration and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention” (2005) 54 ICLQ 279 at 279.
When giving a pinpoint reference to a footnote or endnote, give the reference to the paragraph or page in which the footnote or endnote appears followed by a comma and “n x” where “x” is the number of the footnote or endnote. Eg Peter Devonshire “Fraud on a Power: A Doctrine in Retreat” [2010] NZ L Rev 503 at 511, n 46.
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