6 SECONDARY MATERIALS

6.1 Texts

6.1.1 General form

The format for citing texts is as follows:

Element	Author	Title	Edition	Publisher	Place of publication	Year of publication	Pinpoint citation
Example	Ross Carter	Burrows and Carter Statute Law in New Zealand<	(5th ed,	LexisNexis,	Wellington,	2015)	at 311
Rule	6.1.2	6.1.3	6.1.4	6.1.5	6.1.6	6.1.7	6.1.8

6.1.2 Author

(a) Naming authors

Give the author’s name in the form used in the article or book that is being cited. If initials are used, do not separate these by spaces.

Ensure that the same author is referred to consistently throughout the whole work. Where the form of the author’s name differs between the cover and the title page of a text, give the name according to the form used on the title page.

(b) Anonymous authors

Where no author is given, begin the citation with the text’s title.

(c) Honorifics

When referring to authors in a footnote, do not include titles, honorifics or post-nominal titles, for example, “Sir”, “Dame”, “Prof”, “Dr” or “QC”.

The only prefixed titles that should be included are peerage titles (including when referring to Law Lords) and the courtesy title “Lord” or “Lady” in the case of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (see rule 1.1.6(d)(ii)).

(d) Judges in an extrajudicial role

Refer to judges writing extrajudicially simply as “Roger Smith” and not as “Justice Smith” or “Smith J”.

The exception is Justices of the Supreme Court in the United Kingdom and Law Lords who should be referred to as “Lord” or “Lady”.

(e) Multiple joint authors

If there are two or three joint authors of a book, include the names of all authors, with the names of the last two authors separated by an “and”.

If there are more than three joint authors, note the name of the first-listed author followed by “and others”.

(f) Texts where each chapter has an identified author

Cite texts where each chapter has an identified author in accordance with rule 6.2 where a particular chapter of the book is being referred to.

Cite texts where each chapter has an identified author as a text in accordance with this rule (rule 6.1) where the book is being referred to generally, that is where no particular chapter is being specifically referred to.

(g) Editors

If there is a named editor or general editor, use that name followed by “(ed)” or, if there is more than one, “(eds)”. Where there is a hierarchy of editors, for example a general editor and contributing editors, refer to the most senior editor(s) (usually listed first on the title page).

6.1.3 Title

Give the title in italics with spelling and capitalisation as it appears on the title page of the book (unless the original is in all capitals, in which case capitalise only the first letter of significant words). Remove any full stops indicating abbreviation in accordance with rule 1.1.2.

A subtitle may be preceded by a colon if it is not preceded by any punctuation mark on the title page. If the title contains a colon, a subtitle may be preceded by an en dash (–). The keyboard shortcut for an en dash on Windows computers is “Ctrl + -” (where “-” is the minus symbol) and on Apple computers “Option + -” (where “-” is the hyphen symbol).

6.1.4 Edition

Give the edition of the text actually being cited. If there has been only one edition of the text or if referring to an old edition that happens to be the first, omit reference to the edition number. Do not write “1st ed”.

Indicate the edition number by giving it in numerals followed by “st”, “nd”, “rd” or “th” as appropriate (not in superscript), a space and then “ed” (short for edition).

The edition number is followed by a comma.

6.1.5 Publisher

Give the name of the publisher if it is known, followed by a comma. Exclude information about the type of business entity that the publisher is. For example, do not include “Limited”, “Ltd”, “plc” or the like.

6.1.6 Place of publication

(a) Multiple places

Include the place of publication, followed by a comma. If more than one office of the publisher is listed, cite only the location of the publisher’s main office.

(b) Common names

If there is more than one place commonly referred to by a particular name, include a further identifier.

(c) Obscure places

If the place of publication is not well known internationally, it may be appropriate to provide further identifying information in round brackets.

6.1.7 Year of publication

When citing a multi-volume work that was published over a range of years include the first and last year if the work is complete. If the publication is still in progress, include the first year and an en dash (–).

6.1.8 Pinpoint reference

(a) Generally

A pinpoint reference may be to a page or, if the text has numbered paragraphs, to a paragraph. Use whichever provides the most direct reference. If the relevant paragraph spans several pages, cite to the page. If the paragraph is less than a page, cite to the paragraph.

(b) Chapters

When referring to a numbered chapter of a book, “chapter” is abbreviated to “ch”.

(c) Multi-volume works

If the book contains more than one volume, give the number of the volume being cited after the year of publication.

(d) Footnotes

When giving a pinpoint reference to a footnote or endnote, give the reference to the paragraph or page in which the footnote or endnote appears followed by a comma and “n x” where “x” is the number of the footnote or endnote.

6.1.9 eBooks

(a) eBooks also available in hardcopy

Many legal texts, and other hardcopy books, are available in eBook format. Cite eBooks that are also available in hardcopy in accordance with rule 6.1.

These eBooks will often include page numbers determined by the device on which they are read. These can vary between devices and cannot be used for pinpoint references. Some devices will display both sets of page numbers.

When paragraph numbers are given, use those for pinpoint references. In the absence of paragraph numbers, use the original page numbers if they are provided. When the original page numbers are not given, or it is not clear whether a page number is original, the pinpoint reference should be determined by recourse to the hardcopy where possible.

(b) eBooks not available in hardcopy

Some eBooks are only available electronically. Cite such eBooks as closely as possible with rule 6.1. Indicate that the text is an eBook by writing “eBook ed” after the edition number and before the name of the publisher. Omit the place of publication.